Info on Italy's CIA-backed Dual State - P2, Gelli, Gladio

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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Mon Sep 11, 2006 11:08 pm

Colby background:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wcolby.htm">www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wcolby.htm</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--> <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Mon Sep 11, 2006 11:35 pm

Vidal isn't my favorite writer, but he has this to say on Colby, which was in reference to groups sympathetic to Timothy McVeigh. I think the quote is a significant reflection Colby's opinion of the American citizens' right to determine whether we should be involved in a war:<br><br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.isebrand.com/Gore_Vidal_McVeigh_2001.htm">www.isebrand.com/Gore_Vid...h_2001.htm</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>"..The C.I.A.'s former director William Colby is also made nervous by the disaffected. In a chat with Nebraska state senator John DeCamp (shortly before the Oklahoma City bombing), he mused, "I watched as the Anti-War movement rendered it impossible for this country to conduct or win the Viet Nam War…This Militia and Patriot movement…is far more significant and far more dangerous for Americans than the Anti-War movement ever was, if it is not intelligently dealt with…It is not because these people are armed that America need be concerned." Colby continues, "They are dangerous because there are so many of them. It is one thing to have a few nuts or dissidents. They can be dealt with, justly or otherwise [my emphasis] so that they do not pose a danger to the system. It is quite another situation when you have a true movement - millions of citizens believing something, particularly when the movement is made up of society's average, successful citizens." Presumably one "otherwise" way of handling such a movement is - when it elects a president by a half-million votes - to call in a like-minded Supreme Court majority to stop a state's recounts, create arbitrary deadlines, and invent delays until our ancient electoral system, by default, must give the presidency to the "system's" candidate as opposed to the one the people voted for..."<br> <p></p><i>Edited by: <A HREF=http://p216.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=chiggerbit@rigorousintuition>chiggerbit</A> at: 9/11/06 9:36 pm<br></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Mon Sep 11, 2006 11:42 pm

Unsure of the credibility of this site, see link for entire article:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://txfwing.blogspot.com/2005/02/opal-files-khashoggis-real-history.html">txfwing.blogspot.com/2005...story.html</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>"....10th May, 1968: Hawaiian meeting between Onassis and toplieutenants, William Colby and Gerald Parsky, to discussestablishment of a new front company in Australia - Australasianand Pacific Holdings Limited - to be managed by Michael Hand.Using Onassis-Rockefeller banks, Chase Manhattan and Shroders,Travelodge Management Ltd sets up another front to link theoperations to the US.<br><br>Onassis crowned head of the Mafia; Colby (head of CIA covertoperations in S.E. Asia) ran the Onassis heroin operations in theGolden Triangle (Laos, Burma, Thailand) with 200 Green BeretMercenaries - ie the Phoenix Programme.<br><br>Gerald Parsky deputy to ex-CIA/FBI Robert Maheu in the HowardHughes organisation, took orders from Onassis and was maderesponsible for laundering skim money from the Onassis casinooperations in Las Vegas and the Bahamas.<br><br>Early 1969: Mafia consolidates its banking operations; David Rockefeller becomes Chairman of Chase Manhattan; Wriston atCitibank and Michele Sindona captures the Vatican Bank,Partnership Pacific launched by Bank of America, Bank of Tokyo andBank of New South Wales.<br><br>10th March, 1969: Parsky and Colby use Australasian and PacificHoldings to set up a 'front' company in Australia. Using old banks-Mellon Bank and Pittsburgh National Bank, they buy control ofnear-bankrupt Industrial Equity Ltd (I.E.L.) managed by NewZealander Ron Brierly.<br><br>A'Asian and Pacific Holdings' 'consultant' Bob Seldon helpsMichael Hand set up the new organisation. Seldon took orders fromMellon and Pittsburgh National Banks, while Hand was directlyresponsible to Gerald Parsky and William Colby. Ron Brierly wouldtake orders from Hand.24th July, 1969: New board established for I.E.L. includes Hand, Seldon, RonBrierly, plus two Brierly associates - Frank Nugan and Bob Jones.Both are appointed consultants to A'asian and Pacific Holdings Ltd.Jones will help Brierly launder funds into real estate(Brierly/Jones Investments) while Seldon and Nugan will channelfunds into oil and mineral resources through I.E.L.October 1969: Chase Manhattan begins new operation in Australiawith National Bank Australasia and A.C. Goods Associates - Chase-NBA.J.C. Fletcher appointed chairman of Seven Sisters' company -British Petroleum (N.Z.).17th...." <br> <p></p><i>Edited by: <A HREF=http://p216.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=chiggerbit@rigorousintuition>chiggerbit</A> at: 9/11/06 9:46 pm<br></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Mon Sep 11, 2006 11:51 pm

Again, not sure of the source:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://theuniversalseduction.com/articles/update-on-bohemian-grove-le-circe-1001-exposure-of-hidden-institutions">theuniversalseduction.com...stitutions</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>"....<br>Another person, Greer claims, that was part of the control group was William Colby, the former CIA director who was deeply involved in setting up the European Stay-Behind networks. Colby's role in Vietnam has been questioned due to his role in Project Phoenix and the Nugan Hand Bank (He was an attorney of this bank that is suspected of having been a world wide heroin money laundering center, revolving around Ted Shackley's secret team. One of Shackley's best friends was Conrad Gerber, a major player in the international oil markets who is a present-daymember of Le Cercle). After Vietnam he became involved with Kissinger's 40 Committee, which oversaw special operations against foreign countries. Colby has attended meetings of the private transnational security group Le Cercle**, which is tightly linked to the Vatican (SMOM and Opus Dei) and the London business and religious interests, not the least of them the Rothschilds. It also has some links to the legendary French Synarchie. According to Greer, Colby received access to extraterrestrial material, together with a black budget of about $50 million.<br><br><br> In the mid 1990s, Colby, of the opinion that the covert projects were out of control, decided to transfer a large sum to Greer's CSETI. But before he was able to do that, he was assassinated. <br>** Le Cercle article will be vastly expanded in the near future. <br><br><br><br>Accusations (although proof is always absent) about money laundering, dope trafficking, weapons, and raw materials, seems to be the common theme between some of the people mentioned above: <br><br>Maxwell Rabb, possibly through both the mafia's Sterling National Bank and Finance International. <br><br>Pete Peterson, possibly through AIG. <br><br>William Colby, possibly through the Nugan Hand Bank...." <br><br> <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Mon Sep 11, 2006 11:52 pm

So, frankly, I have to wonder if Australia wasn't part of the "Gladio" network. <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:01 am

This is off-topic, but I find it interesting that Colby's daughter's wedding announcement reveals that she worked for the infamous Hill& Knowlton pr firm. Remember Hill & Knowlton, the firm that promoted the story of the Kuwaiti(?) young woman's story of Iraqi soldiers who threw babies out of incubators, which story caught the ire of the American public enough to involve us in the first Gulf war, then later the story was found to be untrue? <br><br>Also, check out who the maternal grandparents are. Shades of Nazi Germany's death camps:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7D7113EF934A35755C0A961948260">query.nytimes.com/gst/ful...A961948260</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>"....Mrs. Giraudo, the daughter of William Egan Colby of Washington and Barbara Heinzen Colby of Arlington, Va., is an account executive at the New York public relations firm of <!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>Hill & Knowlton.</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--> She graduated from the Immaculata Preparatory School in Washington and cum laude from Tufts University. The bride was presented at the 1978 International Debutante Ball and is a member of the Junior League of New York. <br><br>Her father was Director of Central Intelligence under President Richard M. Nixon from 1973 to 1976 and headed the Civil Operations and Rural Development Supports program in South Vietnam from 1968 to 1971. He is presently an international consultant in Washington. <br><br>The bride is a<!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong> granddaughter of Mrs. Albert G. Boesel of Bethesda, Md., and the late Karl A. Heinzen, president of the Bayer Aspirin Company in the 1930's</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END-->...." <br><br> <p></p><i>Edited by: <A HREF=http://p216.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=chiggerbit@rigorousintuition>chiggerbit</A> at: 9/11/06 11:05 pm<br></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:04 am

More Colby infor here at HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-THIRD CONGRESS FIRST SESSION ON NOMINATION OF WILLIAM E. COLBY TO BE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE<br><br><br>:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jksonc/docs/phoenix-sasc-19730702.html">homepage.ntlworld.com/jks...30702.html</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br> <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:08 am

More here:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.btinternet.com/~nlpwessex/Documents/WATcolby.htm">www.btinternet.com/~nlpwe...Tcolby.htm</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--> <p></p><i></i>
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Spycraft: the Great Game

Postby rain » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:12 am

<!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr>Colby also lent his expertise and knowledge, along with Oleg Kalugin, to the Activision game "Spycraft: The Great Game", which was released shortly before his death. Both Colby and Kalugin played themselves in the game<hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Colby">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Colby</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>Oleg Danilovich Kalugin ... is a former KGB spy. He was the longtime head of KGB operations in the United States and later a critic of the agency<br>......<br><br>In 1995 he accepted a teaching position in <!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>The Catholic University of America </strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END-->and remained in the United States ever since. ....<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>spoiler<br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spycraft:_The_Great_Game">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy...Great_Game</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br> <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:13 am

More here on Colby's career:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/william-colby">www.answers.com/topic/william-colby</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>"...Career<br>Office of Strategic Services<br>Colby volunteered for the Army in 1941 and served with the Office of Strategic Services during the war, parachuting behind enemy lines in France and Norway as part of Operation Jedburgh to support the French resistance, and receiving the Silver Star for his efforts. After finishing Columbia Law School, Colby briefly practiced law in New York and then, inspired by his liberal beliefs, moved to Washington to work for the National Labor Relations Board. <br><br>Central Intelligence Agency<br>Shortly thereafter, an OSS friend offered him a job at CIA, and Colby accepted. Colby spent the next twelve years in the field, first in Stockholm, Sweden. There, he helped set up the stay-behind networks of Gladio, a covert paramilitary organizations organized by the CIA in order to prepare an eventual Soviet invasion, as he later described in his memoirs [1]. According to a November 25, 1990 article by the Danish daily newspaper Berlingske Tidende, quoted by Daniele Ganser in his 2005 book on Gladio, a source named "Q" confirmed William Colby's revelations in his memoirs about the setting-up of stay-behind armies in Scandinavia: <br><br>Colby's story is absolutely correct. Absalon was created in the early 1950s. Colby was a member of the world spanning laymen catholic organisation Opus Dei, which, using a modern term, could be called right-wing. Opus Dei played a central role in the setting up of Gladio in the whole of Europe and also in Denmark... The leader of Gladio was Harder who was probably not a Catholic. But there are not many Catholics in Denmark and the basic elements making up the Danish Gladio were former [WW II] resistance people - former prisoners of Tysk Vestre Faengsel, Froslevlejren, Neuengamme and also of the Danish Brigade.<br>William Colby then spent much of the 1950s based in Rome, where he led the Agency's covert political operations campaign to support moderate anti-Communist parties. After World War II, Italia was the first ground for the CIA covert operations to stop the Communist from legally taking power, in a strategy later dubbed strategy of tension by the Italian press. <br><br>Vietnam<br>In 1959 Colby became the CIA's Chief of Station in Saigon, Vietnam, where he served until 1962, when he returned to Washington to become the Chief of CIA's Far East Division. In 1968 he returned to Vietnam as Deputy to Robert Komer, and shortly thereafter succeeded him as head of the U.S./South Vietnamese rural pacification effort. This was an attempt to quell the Communist insurgency in South Vietnam. Part of the effort was the controversial Phoenix Program - an initiative designed to identify and attack the "Viet Cong Infrastructure". There is considerable debate about the merit of the program, which included assassination and torture. However it does appear to have had some effect in reducing the level of insurgent strength--as opposed to North Vietnamese Army strength--in South Vietnam. <br><br>CIA Director<br>Colby returned to Washington in 1971 and became Executive Director of CIA. After long-time DCI Richard Helms was dismissed by President Nixon in 1973, James Schlesinger assumed the helm at the Agency. A strong believer in reform of the CIA and the Intelligence Community more broadly, Schlesinger had written a 1971 Bureau of the Budget report outlining his views on the subject. Colby, despite a career spent in the DDP, agreed with Schlesinger's reformist approach and Schlesinger appointed him head of the clandestine branch in early 1973. When Nixon reshuffled his agency heads and made Schlesinger Secretary of Defense, Colby emerged as a natural candidate for DCI--apparently based on the recommendation that he was a professional who would not make waves. <br><br>Colby's tenure as DCI, which lasted two and a half tumultuous years, was characterized chiefly by the Church and Pike congressional investigations into alleged U.S. intelligence malfeasance over the preceding twenty-five years. Colby's view was that revealing such misdeeds--encapsulated in the so-called "Family Jewels"--was both advisable and right. Colby believed that the actual scope of such misdeeds was not actually that great, and that Congress and the American people would recognize that fact, do what was necessary to ensure such things did not happen again, and move on. Supporters of Colby's method argue that he saved the Agency from destruction by showing that it was accountable and an instrument of the Constitution rather than a "rogue elephant." Detractors say Colby gave away too much or did not understand that he was only feeding the fire of politicized congressional witch hunts. <br><br>Colby's time as DCI was also eventful on the world stage. Shortly after he assumed leadership, the Yom Kippur War broke out, an event that surprised not only American intelligence agencies, but Israelis as well. Meanwhile, after many years of involvement, South Vietnam fell to Communist forces in April 1975, a particularly difficult blow for Colby, who had dedicated so much of his life and career to the American effort there. <br><br>President Ford, advised by Henry Kissinger, dismissed Colby in late 1975 because he had become too politically damaging to the Administration. He was replaced by George H. W. Bush...." <br><br><br> <p></p><i>Edited by: <A HREF=http://p216.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=chiggerbit@rigorousintuition>chiggerbit</A> at: 9/11/06 10:16 pm<br></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:22 am

I don't know about anybody else, but I've always thought Henry Kissinger had VERY dirty hands. <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:24 am

This is a goofy site, but it lists Colby as Knights of Malta. Consider the source:<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.nabble.com/Updated-SMOM,-Opus-Dei---Jesut-list-t1654743s4667.html">www.nabble.com/Updated-SM...s4667.html</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br> <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:31 am

An obit on Colby, more on his career Funny, it doesn't mention that this self-described "rigid Catholic" divorced the mother of his five children and the same year married another woman.<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://nick.assumption.edu/WebVAX/ETnew/wcolb107.html">nick.assumption.edu/WebVA...lb107.html</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br>"...After the fall of Nixon in 1974 the CIA came under the scrutiny of a new breed of inquisitor in the media and on Capitol Hill. Colby had to decide whether to guard the agency's secrets still more closely, or to disclose a fuller record, in the hope of rebutting the wilder charges. <br><br>He decided on openness. Soon after his appointment he told the Senate Armed Services Committee that the CIA had no business in domestic intelligence. Chipping away at what he claimed was the agency's preoccupation with secrecy, he allowed reporters and television crews unprecedented tours of the agency's headquarters at Langley, Virginia. He even had a sign reading "CIA" installed on the access road. <br><br><br>In April 1974 Colby testified before a House subcommittee about the agency's involvement in Chile during the period preceding the coup that toppled Allende in September 1973<br>As the investigations gained momentum, Colby's policy of openness began to have wider repercussions. He volunteered to a House committee that President Nixon had authorised Richard Helms (then director of the CIA) to use whatever methods were necessary to stop the Chilean Marxist Salvador Allende from taking power after the 1970 election. When this testimony was leaked to the New York Times, Helms's own previous testimony (given under Nixon's instructions to maintain secrecy) was called into question, which eventually led to legal action being taken against him. <br>In April 1974 Colby testified before a House subcommittee about the agency's involvement in Chile during the period preceding the coup that toppled Allende in September 1973. <br><br>His revelations forced President Ford to confirm that from 1970 to 1973 his predecessor's administration had authorised the spending of more than $8 million to destabilise Allende's government. Colby insisted that the CIA had not been responsible for the coup against the Chilean leader; nevertheless he had admitted enough to touch off a new debate about the CIA's secret political operations. <br><br>In 1975 several House committees and Vice-President Nelson Rockefeller's special commission looked into allegations of illegal domestic spying, CIA experimentation with the drug LSD, and illegal electronic eavesdropping. <br><br><br>His urge to put the record straight earned him the ire of President Ford, who felt that CIA secrets were the property of the Executive, and not for the prurient hacks in Congress - least of all at election time<br>Colby, determined to show willing, displayed to the Senate committee (and to a television audience) a dart gun (in CIA terminology, a "Nondiscernible Micro-bioinoculator") as well as several bottles of deadly shellfish toxin and cobra venom which had been found gathering dust in the CIA storerooms. <br>Doubts about the policy of openness began to proliferate in government circles. "Bill, you know what you do when you go up to the Hill [Congress]?" Henry Kissinger demanded of the Roman Catholic Colby. "You go to Confession." Rockefeller, too, wondered tactfully, in a private conversation with Colby, whether it was really necessary to present "all this material to us". <br><br>But Colby saw it as a matter of conscience to co-operate with Congress, whatever the cost. His urge to put the record straight earned him the ire of President Ford, who felt that CIA secrets were the property of the Executive, and not for the prurient hacks in Congress - least of all at election time. <br><br>Finally, in November 1975, Ford announced that Colby would be replaced as director by George Bush, then serving as a diplomat in Peking...." <br><br>"...After the war, Colby returned to Columbia to gain his law degree and then joined a New York law firm which had been founded by William J Donovan, formerly commander of the Office of Strategic Services. On the outbreak of the Korean war in 1950 he left to join the CIA, which had been set up three years earlier to co-ordinate the intelligence activities of the various government departments. <br><br>In 1951 Colby was sent under diplomatic cover to the American embassy in Stockholm; in 1953 he became first secretary and special assistant to the ambassador in Rome. In 1959 he was appointed first secretary of the American embassy in Saigon, where he headed the CIA operations as station chief. Although he left Saigon in 1962, Colby remained closely connected to Vietnamese affairs as chief of the Far East division of the plans directorate. When President Johnson sent Robert Komer, a White House special assistant, to Saigon as head of Civil Operations and Rural Development Support (Cords), the Vietnamese pacification programme, Colby - though previously earmarked for the top CIA job in Moscow - was sent to join him. <br><br><br>Many considered that Phoenix had been a brutal and unjustifiable operation in which the intelligence services ran out of control<br>He arrived in April 1968, and after Komer's transfer to Turkey in November, became ambassador. As head of Cords he had at his disposal some 6,000 American civilians and military, trained to advise Vietnamese provincial officials in civil and paramilitary actions to weaken the Vietcong. <br>Some of these initiatives concerned only road building and health care. But they also entailed Operation Phoenix, which was designed to weed out Vietcong agents. Under Colby's direction, 28,978 suspected Vietcong were captured or jailed, 17,717 were persuaded to defect, and 20,587 were killed. <br><br>Many considered that Phoenix had been a brutal and unjustifiable operation in which the intelligence services ran out of control. One former intelligence agent told a House subcommittee that some captured Vietcong suspects were interrogated in helicopters, and that the lesser fry were pushed out to persuade more important suspects to talk. Still more chilling methods of torture were practised on the ground. <br><br>Colby later denied that Phoenix had been a counter-terror programme, but admitted that there might have been "some illegal killing" and "some unjustifiable abuses". <br><br>He returned to the United States in 1971, the next year became executive director-controller of the CIA, and in March 1973 was promoted deputy director for operations. A month later Nixon appointed the CIA director James Schlesinger Secretary of Defense, and Colby as his successor. <br><br>After leaving the CIA Colby returned to the law in Washington. In interviews which he gave in 1978, when his autobiography, Honourable Men - My Life in the CIA, was published, he called for a new law to punish breaches of security by former members of the CIA. <br><br>William Colby married, in 1945, Barbara Heinzen; they had five children."<br><br><br> <p></p><i>Edited by: <A HREF=http://p216.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=chiggerbit@rigorousintuition>chiggerbit</A> at: 9/11/06 10:36 pm<br></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby chiggerbit » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:45 am

<!--EZCODE ITALIC START--><em>Colby later denied that Phoenix had been a counter-terror programme, but admitted that there might have been "some illegal killing" and "some unjustifiable abuses".</em><!--EZCODE ITALIC END--> <br><br><br>I'm sorry, but that is soooo slimey that I wish he were still alive so he could be confronted on it. I KNOW that we dropped people behind enemy lines with the purpose of targetted killings AND indiscriminate killing. Sometimes these crews were on the march so hard behind enemy lines that they couldn't even stop to take a pee, so they had to do it on the run. <p></p><i></i>
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Re: funny thing

Postby rain » Tue Sep 12, 2006 12:55 am

The Office of Strategic Services was initiated during World War II by General William J. Donovan with the approval and support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt to improve, coordinate and provide intelligence needed for wartime activities, and was placed under the direct control of the Joint Chiefs of staff. Branches of the OSS included SI (Secret Intelligence), SO (Special Operations), OG (Operational Groups), MO (Morale Operations), and others. <br>While the O.S.S. in general is considered to have been the forerunner of the C.I.A. and its history has been much written about, the Operational Groups in particular have remained largely undocumented, even though they are recognized as the forerunner of the U.S. Special Forces.<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.ossog.org/index.html">www.ossog.org/index.html</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br><br>It was late summer of 1943 when the 99th Mountain Battalion arrived at Area F (Congressional Country Club) for basic OG training. The battalion, which had been stationed and trained at Camp Hale Colorado, had been recruited as a unit to form the Norwegian Operational Group.* Discipline and professionalism were readily demonstrated in the manner these officers and men responded to the OG training exercises and field problems that were given at Area F. And in December 1943 the Norwegian Operational Group of about 100 officers and non-commissioned officers transferred to England where they were attached to the OSS Special Operations (SO) Headquarters, Scandinavian Section. In anticipation of possible operations in Norway the unit then underwent additional training in Scotland.<br><br>Come summer of 1944 with no approved missions in Norway, the Norwegian Operational Group was committed to operations in France and became the major component of the UK-to-France unit of the French Operational Group.<br><br>In December 1944 following the liberation of France, all OG personnel who had served in France were rescreeened for assignments in other countries or returned to regular military units. Some of those reassigned returned to the United States for home leave and further training before assignment to Far East operations; some transferred to Italian OG operations; and approximately 50 of the original Norwegian OGs were rescreened to meet tentative plans for operations in Norway.<br><br>At that time there were approximately 150,000 German troops concentrated in the Narvik-Tromsc area of Northern Norway who, according to intelligence information, were to be transferred southward through Norway to be employed in the defense of Germany. <br><br>The only available transportation routes available to them were the snow blocked roads, the sea and the single track Nordland Railway running down to Trondheim. The Supreme Headquarters Allied Forces (SHAEF) hoped the Germans could be forced to take the sea route to the south.<br><br>Opportunities for OG operations from England that were being considered to meet the rail disruption objective were to be under the direction of Lt. Col. Hans H. Skabo, Section Chief, Norwegian Special Operations (NORSO). Major William E Colby, a former Jedburg, was appointed commanding officer of the Operational Group. <br><br>Major Colby split the group into two units. The main unit of 3 officers and about 30 enlisted men would be under the direct command of Colby and identified as NORSO I. The second unit of 1 officer and 18 enlisted men under the command of Lt. Roger Hall, and identified as NORSO II, was intended to serve as a reserve or reinforcement unit to NORSO I or be available for a separate mission.<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.ossog.org/norway.html">www.ossog.org/norway.html</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><br> <br> <p></p><i></i>
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