by hanshan » Wed Dec 21, 2005 2:41 pm
<br><!--EZCODE IMAGE START--><img src="http://www.viterbo.edu/personalpages/faculty/DWillman/q_parker.gif" style="border:0;"/><!--EZCODE IMAGE END--><br><!--EZCODE IMAGE START--><img src="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/redriver/images/QuanahParker-sm.jpg" style="border:0;"/><!--EZCODE IMAGE END--><br><!--EZCODE IMAGE START--><img src="http://www.markreubengallery.com/bs_nativeamericans/best_nativeamericans/1207.jpg" style="border:0;"/><!--EZCODE IMAGE END--><br><!--EZCODE LINK START--><a href="http://www.viterbo.edu/personalpages/faculty/DWillman/peyote.htm" target="top"><!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>Peyote, Quanah Parker and the Native American Church</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--></a><!--EZCODE LINK END--> <br><br><br><!--EZCODE ITALIC START--><em>"The white man goes into his church house and talks about Jesus; the Indian goes into his teepee and talks to Jesus."</em><!--EZCODE ITALIC END--><br><br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr> <!--EZCODE LINK START--><a href="http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/PP/fpa28.html" target="top"><!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>PARKER, QUANAH</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--></a><!--EZCODE LINK END--> (ca. 1845-1911). Quanah Parker, the last chief of the Quahadi Comanche Indians, son of Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker,qv was born about 1845 near the Wichita Mountains in what is now Oklahoma. He was a major figure both in Comanche resistance to white settlement and in the tribe's adjustment to reservation life. Nomadic hunter of the Llano Estacado,qv leader of the Quahadi assault on Adobe Walls in 1874 (see RED RIVER WAR), cattle rancher, entrepreneur, and friend of American presidents, Quanah Parker was truly a man of two worlds. The name Quanah means "smell" or "odor." Though the date of his birth is recorded variously at 1845 and 1852, there is no mystery regarding his parentage. His mother was the celebrated captive of a Comanche raid on Parker's Fort (1836) and convert to the Indian way of life. His father was a noted war chief of the Nocone band of the Comanches. Despite his mixed ancestry, Quanah's early childhood seems to have been quite unexceptional for his time and place. In 1860, however, Peta Nocona was killed defending an encampment on the Pease River against Texas Rangersqv under Lawrence Sullivan Ross.qv The raid, which resulted in the capture and incarceration of Cynthia Ann and Quanah's sister Topasannah, also decimated the Nocones and forced Quanah, now an orphan, to take refuge with the Quahadi Comanches of the Llano Estacado.<hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--> <br><br><br><br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr><!--EZCODE LINK START--><a href="http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/nachurch.htm" target="top">American Peyote</a><!--EZCODE LINK END--> religion as an organized, relatively formal phenomenon can be traced to western Oklahoma circa 1880. By then such Southern Plains tribes as the Comanche and Kiowa had been placed on reservations, where once free Indians had to live under burdensome restrictions in conditions of poverty. Under such conditions new religious movements that addressed the terrible decline in fortune Indians had suffered and that promised relief from oppression spread quickly throughout Indian America. One such movement was the Ghost Dance, which had its most prominent phase in 1890 but largely collapsed with the Wounded Knee Massacre at the end of that year. Peyote religion, on the other hand, spread rapidly far beyond the area to which the plant is indigenous, eventually finding adherents in hundreds of tribes.<br><br><br><br><br>Especially important was Quanah Parker, a Comanche chief who is said to have first taken peyote in Mexico in the 1880s as medicine for a difficult illness, or perhaps a serious injury. Quanah (as he is usually referred to), whose mother was white and who was a leading advocate of white-Indian cooperation, became a leading advocate of peyote and was instrumental in turning back laws that would have forbidden its use. By the time of his death in 1911, peyote was being used by several tribes in Oklahoma. Second only to Quanah in influence was John Wilson, a Caddo Indian by affiliation (actually of mixed Caddo, Delaware, and French blood). In 1880 Wilson became a peyote roadman, as the ceremonial leader is known, and began to attract a substantial following. His version of the Peyote ceremony had more explicitly Christian elements than Quanah’s, reflecting, probably, Wilson’s own Catholicism. However, both versions reflect a thorough mixing of traditional Indian and Christian themes.<hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br><br><br><br>never underestimate the shortsightedness induced <br>by arrogance<br><br><br><br><br> <p></p><i></i>