by banned » Fri Dec 16, 2005 12:15 am
<br>Source: <br>Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions<br>Date: <br>1998-11-03<br><br>Hopkins Study Shows Brain Damage Evidence In "Ecstasy" Users<br><br>"...people who use (it) unwittingly put themselves at risk"<br>Related News Stories<br><br>Ecstasy Use Depletes Brain's Serotonin Levels (July 28, 2000) -- Use of the recreational drug Ecstasy causes a severe reduction in the amount of serotonin in the brain, according to a study in the July 25 issue of Neurology, the scientific journal of the American ... > full story<br><br>Ecstasy Link To Long-Term Brain Damage (March 5, 2002) -- Disturbing evidence is emerging that the increasingly popular drug ecstasy can be linked to users suffering long-term brain damage. University of Adelaide researchers have found that ecstasy taken on ... > full story<br><br>Ecstasy Component May Help Researchers Measure Brain Damage From The Drug (August 16, 2001) -- Researchers in Spain have isolated for the first time a by-product of the illicit drug Ecstasy that is believed to cause some of the brain damage associated with the drug. They believe their finding ... > full story<br><br>Reseachers Find Evidence That Prenatal Use Of Ecstasy Can Cause Long-Term Memory Loss And Other Impairments In Offspring (May 2, 2001) -- Researchers have reported the first evidence that a mother's use of MDMA (ecstasy) during pregnancy may result in specific types of long-term learning and memory impairments in her offspring. ... > full story<br><br>> more related stories<br>Related sections:<br>Health & Medicine<br>Mind & Brain<br>Trends & Issues<br>Advertisement<br><br>The common street drug "ecstasy" causes brain damage in people, according to a new Johns Hopkins study. In a report in The Lancet released this week, Hopkins scientists show that the drug -- known chemically as MDMA -- damages specific nerves in the brain that release serotonin, the nerve transmitter thought to play a role in regulating mood, memory, pain perception, sleep, appetite and sexual activity.<br><br>"We had long suspected MDMA was dangerous, based on our earlier studies in primates that showed nerve damage at doses similar to those taken by recreational drug users," says neurologist George Ricaurte, M.D., Ph.D., who led the research team. Additional studies by the team examined drug users' spinal fluid for levels of a serotonin by product; reduced amounts strongly suggested brain damage in humans.<br><br>"But this is the first time we've been able to examine the actual serotonin-producing nerve cells directly in the brain," Ricaurte says. Using a nerve-specific technique that took more than five years to develop, the scientists took PET scans of 14 men and women who reported heavy use of ecstasy. With a radio-labeled probe, the team targeted molecules -- serotonin transporters -- that normally reabsorb serotonin into nerve cells after it has done its job.<br><br>Like certain antidepressants, MDMA also attaches to serotonin transporters. The transporters lie embedded in the membranes of nerve cells, at the tips of fingerlike extensions called axons.<br><br>In the study, the PET scans showed MDMA users had far fewer serotonin transporters than controls who didn't use the drug. Also, the greater the use of MDMA -- some of the subjects had used it 200 or more times -- the greater the loss. "These losses are significant, and, along with our early studies in animals, suggest that nerve cells are damaged," says Ricaurte. Whether or not the cells are permanently damaged, he says, is uncertain. But in studies in animals, including primates, the losses are long-lasting and may be permanent in some brain regions.<br><br>The area of brain damage is diffuse but involves the endings of serotonin-releasing nerves that reach throughout the forebrain -- the "higher" brain that includes the cerebral cortex and adjacent areas, parts of the brain involved in thought, memory and emotion.<br><br>Ecstasy is a designer drug hybrid of the hallucinogen mescaline and the stimulant amphetamine. Users report a heightened sense of closeness with others, increased awareness of emotion and ability to communicate.<br><br>"They find these effects unique," says Ricaurte, "and we hope to use this new technique to explore the basis for good feelings, as well as for depression and anxiety. But our immediate concern is that people who use MDMA recreationally are unwittingly putting themselves at risk of developing brain injury." <p></p><i></i>