Human Trials
The Nuremberg trials revealed the extent of Nazi Germany's mind control experimentation on Jewish concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners of war. As a result of the trials, 23 German doctors were convicted, and an injunction was brought to the effect that humans should never be used in such a fashion again. On the contrary, such trials only served to attract the interest of the Western intelligence agencies, inspiring them to research and develop methods of controlling and altering the human mind. P.67
On 7 December 1993, Secretary of Energy Hazel O'Leary ordered her department to open classified files covering projects that had involved the use of human beings as guinea pigs since the war. A major project [was] initiated to identify relevant documents. The index itself runs to 150 pages. P. 41
In some instances victims were chosen from hospital patients. Between 1953 and 1957, [16] William Sweet and his associates at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston injected at least 11 terminally ill cancer patients with uranium-235. In the 1940s, pregnant women were given cocktails of radioactive material in order to study their effects on the fetus. The Department of Health conducted tests that involved feeding more than 800 pregnant women a cocktail laced with radioactive iron isotope. All the records were destroyed in 1970. P. 42, 43
From December 1962 to April 1963, Harvard researchers, sponsored by the US Public Health Service, fed radioactive iodide to 760 mentally retarded children at the Wrentham State School. Some were as young as one year old. Between 1963 and 1976, Carl Heller from the University of Oregon exposed the testicles of 67 prisoners at Oregon State Prison to ionizing radiation to test the effects of radiation on fertility. The US government carried out radiation experiments in 33 veterans' hospitals during the Cold War. The VA acknowledged in 1993 that military patients in at least 14 facilities were victims of these experiments. P. 45-47
Despite Secretary O'Leary's pledge to compensate the victims, a ruling from the Supreme Court stated that even when someone's constitutional rights are violated by Federal agencies, these agencies cannot be liable for providing any compensation. "We would be creating a potentially enormous financial burden for the federal government," Justice Clarence Thomas wrote for the court. P. 49
In 1950, the Air Force Cambridge Laboratory, using a B-17 bomber, conducted four atmospheric tracking tests of radioactive emissions in New Mexico. Communities living in the area were not informed of the tests. It would have taken at least two weeks before the radioactivity died down in the atmosphere. P. 46
Studies were also conducted on participants who apparently volunteered to view a [nuclear] detonation at certain distances from ground zero. In 1953, the military subjects were told to stand only 2,000 yards from ground zero. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were within 50 miles of nuclear tests held in Nevada. P. 48
The British government, on 9 August 1971, unleashed one of its largest deep interrogation experiments. Irish internees were made to stand with hoods over their heads while electronic noise was played through speakers or headphones. They were naked, half-starved, and abused. Professor Robert Daly: [17][18] "Being awakened in the middle of the night, being beaten, lied to, and insulted, was all part of the ‘unfreezing process' through which psychological defenses were broken down, and terror and humiliation were induced. Hence, the photographing in the nude, being forced to urinate while running, the sadism and abuse. The aim of the treatment was to cause temporary insanity, a severe psychological injury liable to having lasting consequences." The unprecedented operations in Northern Ireland, prompted Amnesty International and the European Court of Human Rights to intervene. P. 58, 59
Psychic Research
In 1952, Andrija Puharich [19] presented a paper, An Evaluation of the Possible Uses of ESP in Psychological Warfare, to a secret Pentagon gathering. In 1953, he lectured the US Air Force researchers on methods of increasing or decreasing telepathy. He mostly worked on follow-up studies of Soviet experiments. He described biological explanations and hypothetical possibilities for psi [psychic abilities] and also underlined the effects of drugs, which were consistent with the CIA's mind control programs and findings of that era. P. 110, 111
By 1970, US intelligence had become seriously interested in Soviet research into parapsychology. The Soviets used a Czech neologism, psychotronics, to describe their research. CIA analysts were afraid the Soviets might win the psychotronic race. By coining the phrase "Psychic Warfare Gap,' they convinced the NSC to take action. With Congressional approval, they set out to research and examine the nature of this threat. [20][21] The CIA adopted a twin-track approach. Publicly, through continuous disinformation campaigns, they endeavored to discredit psychic research. But secretly, they funded a series of projects and programs over a sixteen-year period, on which they spent over $20 million. [22] P.104-106
Soviet attempts to train their cosmonauts in telepathy initially aroused the CIA's attention. [23] Their attempts were tested in March 1967, when a coded telepathic message was flashed from Moscow to Leningrad. Four years later, Edgar Mitchell made a similar attempt in the course of his flight with Apollo 14. Mitchell's attempt was based on studies and findings of four years of research and study, funded by the CIA, which started in 1970. p. 107
Stanford Research Institute (SRI) followed the Soviet research line and duplicated experiments. SRI termed their telepathy work Remote Viewing (RV). It was coined in 1971 by Ingo Swann at the American Society for Psychical Research (ASPR). ASPR attempted to locate hidden items using clairvoyant perception. They succeeded. Swann: "The human possesses receptors for organizing information that exceed the limits of the five senses. At least 17 senses have been identified by biologists and neurologists." [24] P. 108–110
ASPR experiments using a ‘beacon' were not of much use for any espionage remote viewing program. Swann developed map coordinates – latitude and longitude – leading to the birth of Project SCANATE on 29 May 1973. When Ingo Swann made his first attempt at remote viewing a site having only been given coordinates, he had startling results. He described the features of the small French administered island of Kerguelen in the Indian Ocean, including the layout of buildings and what appeared to be a joint French-Soviet meteorological research installation. He even drew a passable map of the island. P. 111, 112
Pat Price gave an equally detailed account of a site, given only a set of map coordinates for the target. In a five-page commentary of his remote viewing tour, Price started off 1,500 feet above the site and went through a complex of buildings and underground storage areas. The report described communication and computer equipment manned by Army personnel, names on desks in the building, and even the labels on file folders in a locked cabinet in one room. [25] He quoted code words and named the site – Haystack – and the personnel stationed there. A security officer present stated, "Hell, there's no security left." P. 112
In 1972, Harold Puthoff was involved in laser research at SRI. Putoff [26] became persuaded that "war can almost always be traced to a failure in intelligence, and that therefore, the strongest weapon for peace is good intelligence." Puthoff's colleague, Russell Targ, who had a long history of involvement in parapsychology, joined the team. By 1975, Puthoff and Targ could report that: "The development of this capability [RV] at SRI has evolved to the point where visiting CIA personnel with no previous exposure to such concepts have performed well under controlled laboratory conditions (that is, generated target descriptions of sufficiently high quality to permit blind matching of descriptions to targets by independent judges). [27] P. 132, 134
One of the most intriguing of the 55 SRI experiments [28] was "to ascertain if remote sensing could extend to a very far distance. The target chosen was the planet Jupiter. The date of the experiment 27 April 1973. In the course of this attempt, a ring around Jupiter was discovered. The existence of the ring was confirmed in early 1979, six years later. The 300-page report of this viewing was sent to a number of scientific institutions, including NASA. P. 134, 135
Some of the results of RV experiments were startling. Between 1975/76, [29] Ingo Swann was asked to remote view Soviet submarines. According to Swann, "all sorts of brass [were] sitting there. Puthoff was on my left, and this two or three star general was on my right. This was one of those ‘big tests' with witnesses, and the room was filled. And so I was doing my remote viewing, and I came across something. I stopped in my tracks. I looked at it and said, ‘Oh my God.' I whispered over Hal's ear and said ‘Hal, I don't know what to do. I think this submarine has shot down a UFO or the UFO fired on her. What shall I do? Puthoff was as pale as anything. He looked at me and whispered, ‘You do what you think you should do." So I sketched out this picture of this UFO and this brass sitting on my right grabbed it."….Three days later Puthoff got a call. The call said, "OK, how much money do you want?" [30] P. 136, 137
The SRI remote viewers were studied by top physicists. [31] Ingo Swann and Uri Geller surprised Nobel laureate Brian Josephson. Both of them managed to deflect the needle on a chart recorder to such a degree that Josephson suggested that physics needed to adopt a new paradigm to incorporate hidden variables and universal intelligence. P. 114
In the early 80s, when it was at its peak, the RV program employed seven full-time viewers supported by teams of administrative and analytical personnel. Yet, the US military misled both Congress and the media at the time of these experiments because of growing concern for psychic security. The Pentagon's Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) decided to evaluate Geller at SRI in 1972. Their evaluation was negative and Geller was accused of fraud and using magic tricks. However, their evaluation was deliberately flawed. For example, instead of blindfolding Geller, as SRI had always done, he was asked to cover his eyes with his hands. They then accused him of peeking. SRI vehemently criticized ARPA's review and called it a debacle. [32] Three months after ARPA's review, Jeon Jaroff published an article in Time presenting Targ and Puthoff as sloppy researchers and Geller as a fraud. P. 115, 116
Despite a campaign of disinformation by US military and intelligence, the US House of Representatives in June 1981 released a 530-page study [33] based on two years research. It stated: "In the area of national defense, there are obvious implications of one's ability to identify distant sites and affect sensitive instruments. A general recognition of the degree of inter-connectiveness of minds could have far-reaching social and political implications for this nation and the world." Two years later, another report from the Congressional Research Service echoed the same views. The report was entitled Research into ‘Psi' Phenomena: Current Status and Trends of Congressional Concern. P. 116
In July 1995 the CIA went public and declared its interest in Remote Viewing. [34][35] As a result, much new information became available. At that time, the CIA and US Department of Defense had a 22-year operational track record in RV. The CIA was involved from 1973 to 1977, and the DOD from 1977 to 1995. In 1995, the CIA declassified and released RV documents. P. 127
Electronic Implants
Jose Delgado's development of the Stimoceiver in the 1950s brought intelligence agencies' ultimate dream of controlling human behavior one step closer to reality. The Stimoceiver—a miniature electrode capable of receiving and transmitting electronic signals by FM radio—could be placed within an individual's cranium. And once in place, an outside operator could manipulate the subject's responses. Delgado demonstrated the potential of his Stimoceivers by wiring a fully-grown bull. With the device in place, Delgado stepped into the ring with the bull. The animal charged towards the experimenter – and then suddenly stopped, just before it reached him. The powerful beast had been stopped with the simple action of pushing a button on a small box held in Delgado's hand. [36] P. 147
In 1966, Delgado asserted that his experiments [37] "support the distasteful conclusion that motion, emotion and behavior can be directed by electrical forces and that humans can be controlled like robots by push buttons. P. 147
The records on Subproject 94, part of Project MKULTRA, dated 22 November 1961, describe the purpose: "Miniaturized stimulating electrode implants in specific brain center areas will be utilized. The feasibility of remote control of activities in several species of animals has been demonstrated. The present investigations are directed toward improvement of techniques and will provide precise mapping of the useful brain centers. The ultimate objective of this research is to provide an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the directional control of animals and to provide practical systems suitable for (deleted – ‘human'?) application." P. 149
A file released by the US Army dated 22 August 1975 is a demonstration of how patients were used as guinea pigs for mind control studies. Electrodes were inserted into parts of their brains, ostensibly because it could help to heal them. P. 151
Robert G. Heath, of Tulane University, achieved great notoriety by implanting 125 electrodes in his subjects, in an attempt to ‘cure' homosexuality with ESB (electronic stimulation of the brain). He discovered that he could control his patients by inducing fear, arousal, hallucination, and pleasure. [38] John C. Lilly accomplished similar effects using devices of his own invention during the 1950s. Using ESB, monkeys continually stimulated themselves to orgasm at three-minute intervals for sixteen hours a day. [39] P. 149, 150
Dr. Lilly once reminded the director of the National Institute for Mental Health of an important dilemma: "Dr. Remond has demonstrated that this method of stimulation of the brain can be applied to the human without the help of a neurosurgeon. This means that anyone with the proper apparatus can carry this out on a person covertly, with no external signs that electrodes have been used on that person. If this technique got into the hands of a security agency, they would have control over a human being and be able to change his beliefs extremely quickly, leaving little evidence of what they had done." [40] P. 151