Higgs Boson Announcement at CERN

[Blue]

Physicists say they have found a Higgs boson

GENEVA (AP) — Physicists said Thursday they are now confident they have discovered a crucial subatomic particle known as a Higgs boson — a major discovery that will go a long ways toward helping them explain why the universe is the way it is.

They made the statement following study of the data gathered last year from the world's largest atom-smasher, which lies beneath the Swiss-French border outside Geneva. The European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN, said that what they found last year was, indeed, a version of what is popularly referred to as the "God particle."

Joe Incandela, who heads one of the two main teams at CERN that each involve several thousand scientists, said in a statement that "it is clear that we are dealing with a Higgs boson though we still have a long way to go to know what kind of Higgs boson it is."

The long-theorized subatomic particle would explain why matter has mass and has been considered a missing cornerstone of physics.

Last July, scientists with the world's largest atom-smasher announced finding a particle they described as Higgs-like.

Wait. Is it Higgs or Higgs-like or a kind-of-Higgs? Sheesh.

[Blue]

Another article with an additional sentence:

He called the new results "magnificent" and "beautiful."

http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2013/03/14/wrd-science-higgs-boson-particle-discovery.html

[MinM]

Physicists say they have found a Higgs boson

@UPI: CERN confirms "Higgs boson" | http://bit.ly/YbpyKh

https://twitter.com/UPI/status/312214203891073024

Nice timing coming on the heels of the Pope business...

[brainpanhandler]

I don't know why I try to read even the wiki overview of this thing that matters so much to the physicists:

In the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a boson with no spin, electric charge, or color charge. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately. It is a quantum excitation of one component of the four component Higgs field–a scalar field with two neutral and two electrically charged components that forms a complex doublet of the weak isospin SU(2) symmetry. The field has a "Mexican hat" shaped potential with nonzero strength everywhere (including otherwise empty space) which in its vacuum state breaks the weak isospin symmetry of the electroweak interaction. When this happens, three components of the Higgs field are "absorbed" by the SU(2) and U(1) gauge bosons (the "Higgs mechanism") to become the longitudinal components of the now-massive W and Z bosons of the weak force. The remaining electrically neutral component separately couples to other particles known as fermions (via Yukawa couplings), causing these to acquire mass as well. Some versions of the theory predict more than one kind of Higgs fields and bosons. Alternative "Higgsless" models would need to be considered if the Higgs boson is not discovered.

Well, that's cleared up now.

But by around 1960 all attempts to create a gauge invariant theory for two of the four fundamental forces had consistently failed at one crucial point: although gauge invariance seemed extremely important, including it seemed to make any theory of electromagnetism and the weak force go haywire, by demanding that either many particles with mass were massless or that non-existent forces and massless particles had to exist. Scientists had no idea how to get past this point.

I'm voting for going back to the branch in the road that lead to the necessity of "non-existent forces and massless particles" needing to exist.

The Standard Model predicts that Higgs bosons could be formed in a number of ways,[92][93][94] although the probability of producing a Higgs boson in any collision is always expected to be very small—for example, only 1 Higgs boson per 10 billion collisions in the Large Hadron Collider.

Really? I wonder how long it would take to produce 10 billion collisions?

[Allegro]

brainpanhandler, particle physicists look at results from the LHC that produce 100 million collisions per second, very roughly speaking. Within each experiment produced by the LHC, a Higgs Boson may or may not appear, actually, it rarely appears. Once it does, Higgs Boson disappears in a zepto second. How did I know that? I watched this interview of (Phil Plait’s friend) Sean Carroll, who mentions, by the way, that Higgs Boson is a little bit of a red herring, because the Higgs particle event exists in a Higgs field, and those Higgs fields vibrate throughout the Universe. So, if a particle of any kind in the background has potential of vibrating, it will once it has connected with the Higgs field from which those background particles get their mass.
I got it, now .

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Goddamn Particle | Sean Carroll, Theoretical Cosmologist
Posted March 21, 2013


^ Sixty Symbols, Higgs Boson | Sean Carroll

[Allegro]

More on Higgs Boson plus a bonus video on Quantum Mechanics.


^ Beyond the Higgs Boson | Sean Carroll, Theoretical Cosmologist, with Sixty Symbols

Bonus video (posted elsewhere by General Patton).


^ Quantum Mechanics (an embarrassment) | Sean Carroll with Sixty Symbols

YOUTUBE NOTES. Even the professional understanding of quantum mechanics is “embarrassing”, says cosmologist Sean Carroll. Read Sean’s blog on this subject, and the full paper. Check out Sean’s website (and his excellent books).

We filmed with Sean during his visit to the University of Nottingham and will have more videos with him coming soon. This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham.

Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran. A run-down of Brady’s channels. We’re on Facebook, and Twitter.

[Allegro]

Dr. Sean Carroll, theoretical cosmologist, mentions that the popular term, Higgs Boson, had become a stumbling block. Carroll wants us to begin thinking that the Higgs is an invisible, magnetic field while Higgs Boson is a particle, but the important idea of the two is the field.

“…Fields are what the world is made of; particles are what you see …That is Quantum Field Theory: it is the very heart, the central organizing concept, of modern physics,” Carroll said in the video that follows.

^ The Particle at the End of the Universe | Sean Carroll
Q&A follows

[Allegro]

RESOURCE

Researching the computer storage requirements for the Large Hadron Collider was only the start of inquiries for what has ended up as a 40-hour project. Although sonified data is of personal, musical interest, there are thousands of industrial projects peopled by researchers who access parts of the intercontinental computer network originally built for LHC’s recorded results. Highlights mine, below.

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Music may be the key to treating epilepsy by forecasting impending seizures

Cambridge, UK | 1 February 2013

Musicians and scientists use high speed data networks to collaborate on melody analysis tool

Thanks to the combined power of supercomputing and the high-speed GÉANT network, a group of musicians, network experts, computer scientists and neuroscientists have collaborated in the study of epilepsy using melody analysis (data sonification).

Initiated by the ARCEM - Italian Association for the Research on Brain & Spinal Cord Diseases, Vittuone (MI), Italy, and in collaboration with the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy, the *project studies musical patterns which can be associated to data taken from a patient’s **EEG recordings.


^ Data image: Mapping EEG data to tonal maps (frame from animation)

Huge volume of data

In the study, long sequences of data are generated and analysed using different sets of parameters and high quality audio and animation files created for every EEG data sequence. This huge volume of data relies upon multiple computers combining their processing power using the bandwidth of the super-fast pan-European GÉANT network and its National Research and Education Network (NREN) partners to access, store and transport it.
​
Says Massimo Rizzi, the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research and ARCEM: “Using the GÉANT network we are able to seamlessly transport data to and from scientists all over Europe, enabling a level of collaboration to facilitate medical innovation and scientific research that could have direct implications for the 50 million people worldwide suffering from epilepsy.”

This novel method of combining data sonification with recurrence quantification analysis is expected to deliver better results and additional data compared with traditional or existing methods for studying epilepsy, and thereby promoting the research for new therapeutic interventions.

Sonification tool

The sonification tool is used to identify a baseline condition or ‘marker’ denoting specific epileptic EEG states. The identification of a marker may help to highlight and characterise the temporal patterns embedded in the EEGs of epileptic patients, helping to forecast a seizure far in advance. This pioneering process could provide a powerful tool for seizure prevention, improving the quality of life for the millions of people suffering from one of the most common and serious neurological disorders.

Data sonification is the process of converting numerical data in to sound signals. It is similar to creating a graph, except that melody constituents are notes and tones instead of lines and points. The human ear is naturally trained to recognise patterns and detect abnormalities. So where searching for a particular value on a graph can prove difficult visually, nearly everybody can spot a wrong note in a song without any musical training.

Grid computing

Sonification is a powerful tool used in many scientific disciplines and applications from surveillance to monitoring. It generates vast amounts of data that requires the processing power of supercomputers. This study relies on the European Grid Infrastructure (EGI), a collection of computers grouped together in resource centres, connected to each other through high-performance network links (such as GÉANT), and accessed by authorised research users.

High-speed networks accelerating research

Only a few years ago many scientific researchers relied on physically transporting data cassette tapes for analysis. Today thanks to the high-speed research and education networks such as GÉANT and its NREN partners, this data can be transferred in real time between scientists and researchers located at different institutes and countries.

Further information:

<tamsin.henderson@dante.net> or <paul.maurice@dante.net>
Tel: +44 1223 371300

References
* The project – ‘A Framework for the analysis of medical data using data sonification across the GÉANT network and the European Grid Structure’
Research conducted by: Roberto Barbera, Department of Physics & Astronomy of the University of Catania and Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Division of Catania, Italy; Francesca Falcetta, The Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy; Giuseppe La Rocca, Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Division of Catania, Italy, Massimo Rizzi, The Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy and ARCEM – Italian Association for the Research on Brain & Spinal Cord Diseases, Vittuone (MI), Italy; Mariapaola Sorrentino, ASTRA Project and LHC Open Symphony, Cambridge UK; Domenico Vicinanza, DANTE, City House, 126-130 Hills Road, Cambridge, UK

** EEG (electroencapholography) – EEG recording in a clinical context refers to recording of the brain’s spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time. In this context an ‘inter-ictal’ EEG recording is such that is done sufficiently far from a seizure.

MARIO NEGRI Institute for Pharmacological Research - <http://www.marionegri.it>
ARCEM - <http://www.arcem.it>
GARR - <http://www.garr.it>
EGI – http://www.egi.eu

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REFER Higgs Boson-like Particle Sonification | The Voyager 1 Magnetic Field Sonification | Domenico Vicinanza profile | Domenico Vicinanza interview | Lost Sounds Orchestra | GÉANT Arts and Culture | GÉANT Project Home | DANTE Home

[FourthBase]

I'm not a big mathy/sciencey person, so I don't know if this deserves its own thread, but since it seems to maybe potentially fundamentally transform scientific law and will be confirmed by an experiment, figured it would fit here. Can someone with a brain for this stuff give an RI analysis and tentative preemptive verdict? To these layman's eyes, this shit looks, uh, totally fucking mind-blowing?

http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/ ... -crystals/

In February 2012, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Frank Wilczek decided to go public with a strange and, he worried, somewhat embarrassing idea. Impossible as it seemed, Wilczek had developed an apparent proof of “time crystals” — physical structures that move in a repeating pattern, like minute hands rounding clocks, without expending energy or ever winding down. Unlike clocks or any other known objects, time crystals derive their movement not from stored energy but from a break in the symmetry of time, enabling a special form of perpetual motion.

“Most research in physics is continuations of things that have gone before,” said Wilczek, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This, he said, was “kind of outside the box.”

Wilczek’s idea met with a muted response from physicists. Here was a brilliant professor known for developing exotic theories that later entered the mainstream, including the existence of particles called axions and anyons, and discovering a property of nuclear forces known as asymptotic freedom (for which he shared the Nobel Prize in physics in 2004). But perpetual motion, deemed impossible by the fundamental laws of physics, was hard to swallow. Did the work constitute a major breakthrough or faulty logic? Jakub Zakrzewski, a professor of physics and head of atomic optics at Jagiellonian University in Poland who wrote a perspective on the research that accompanied Wilczek’s publication, says: “I simply don’t know.”

Now, a technological advance has made it possible for physicists to test the idea. They plan to build a time crystal, not in the hope that this perpetuum mobile will generate an endless supply of energy (as inventors have striven in vain to do for more than a thousand years) but that it will yield a better theory of time itself.

SNIP

Considering this...

http://runesoup.com/2013/04/spook-tech- ... gy-part-3/

...therefore aliens?

[Allegro]

I’ve got more research and pending posts, and that researched information is considered historically bound by essential topics juxtaposed with purposes and accomplishments of the Large Hadron Collider.

I’d appreciate keeping the course of this thread mostly on topic.

Moreover, Wilczek’s research, noted in the above comment space, and further discussion could easily continue in a thread that already contains his name: a function of observation begun at RI in 2009.

After 30 seconds of search, it was discovered Wilczek’s name has been well established by All videos matching “Frank Wilczek” at MIT.

[Allegro]

The below excerpts marked ONE and TWO are for attempting to imagine how large the computer capacity was for original collections of results from the Large Hadron Collider’s experiments.

Along with those notes is the introduction immediately below, as well as the web page marked THREE at the bottom of this post, that point to the advertising of computer space, the marketing campaign of which I presume is in progress from the information a reader may glean at GÉANT’s home and About pages.

“GÉANT is the pan-European research and education network that interconnects Europe’s National Research and Education Networks (NRENs).

“Together, we connect over 50 million users at 10,000 institutions across Europe. Operating at speeds of up to 100 Gbps, and offering unrivalled geographical coverage, GÉANT remains the most advanced research network in the world.

“Through extensive links with networks around the world, GÉANT also reaches 65 countries beyond Europe, putting GÉANT at the heart of the global research village... supporting research in areas such as energy, the environment, space and medicine.

“The GÉANT network and associated services comprise the GN3plus project, made up of 41 partners and co-funded by the European Union.”

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ONE
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(EGI) European Grid Infrastructure History Wiki Excerpt

The European DataGrid project was first funded in 2001 for three years as one of the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development series.[4][5] Fabrizio Gagliardi was project manager of DataGrid and its budget was about 12 million Euro, with the full project named “Research and Technological Development for an International Data Grid”.[6]

A major motivation behind the concept was the massive data requirements of the Large Hadron Collider project of the Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN).[7]

TWO
_________________
Excerpt from Executive Summary
pdf page 5 of 153 pp total

LCG-TDR-001
CERN-LHCC-2005-024
LHC Computing Grid | Technical Design Report | Version: 1.0
20 June 2005

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Technical Design Report presents the current state of planning for computing in the framework of the LHC Computing Grid (LCG) Project. The mission of LCG is to build and maintain a data storage and analysis infrastructure for the entire high-energy physics community that will use the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [1].

The principal material and human resources of the project will be provided by a collaboration including the LHC experiments, the participating computer centres and CERN formalized in a Memorandum of Understanding [2].

The requirements of the experiments have been defined in Computing Model documents [3] of each of the experiments and have been refined in individual Computing Technical Design Reports [4]–[7] appearing in parallel with the present paper. The requirements for the year 2008 sum up to a CPU capacity of 140 million SPECint2000 1, to about 60 PB 2 of disk storage and 50 PB of mass storage.

Here are the footnotes at the bottom of page 5.

1 SPECint2000 is an integer benchmark suite maintained by the Standard Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC). The measure has been found to scale well with typical HEP applications. As an indication, a powerful Pentium 4 processor delivers 1700 SPECint2000.
2 A petabyte (PB) corresponds to 1015 Bytes or a million gigabytes.

THREE
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GÉANT and EGI formalise collaboration
Cambridge, UK | 07 March 2013

Agreement signed by DANTE and EGI.eu will strengthen service offering to global research community.

DANTE, has signed an agreement with EGI.eu to formalise the long-term collaboration between the National Grid Initiatives of EGI and GÉANT, the high-speed research and education network it builds and operates on behalf of the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs).

The joint workplan defined in the Memorandum of Understanding focuses on the exchange of expertise between EGI.eu and DANTE. A key objective is the integration of EGI’s network user support with GÉANT’s established troubleshooting procedures.

John Chevers, Chief Business Development Officer, DANTE says:

“High-speed networks and distributed computing are essential components in the advancement of modern science and innovation. By strengthening our partnership with EGI, we will provide a more cohesive partnership to better support the ever changing needs of scientists. Working together with the common aim of improving the research experience is central to our role in Europe’s e-Infrastructure. We look forward to building our relationship with EGI and the continued mutual support outlined in this Memorandum.”

Sergio Andreozzi, Strategy & Policy manager at EGI.eu. adds:

“DANTE has the experience and the best processes to respond to research networking problems. By integrating our network support procedures with DANTE, we will provide a better service to the EGI user community.”

[Allegro]

Excerpt from GÉANT:
Pan-European Research & Education Network
Highlights mine.

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What sets GÉANT apart from other networks?

The robustness that large research projects rely on outstanding service availability and service quality. Over 1,000 Terabytes of data are transferred every day via the GÉANT IP backbone.

The flexibility that means services and infrastructure can be tailored to individual user requirements.

The capacity, combined with extreme robustness and high availability, which sets GÉANT apart. Key routes on GÉANT already run at 40 Gbps, with planned upgrades to 100 Gbps scheduled for 2012 to ensure the network remains ahead of user demand for bandwidth. (Read more about progress towards 100Gbps.)

The effective and efficient operations users come to expect, as delivered by a dedicated Network Operations Centre. 99% of cases are reported within 15 minutes of the outage being detected.

All the services needed for seamless networking experience: IP and dedicated circuits, testbeds and virtualised resources, authentication and roaming, monitoring and troubleshooting, advisory and support services.

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REFER Higgs Boson Particle Sonification | The Voyager 1 Magnetic Field Sonification | Domenico Vicinanza profile | Domenico Vicinanza interview | Lost Sounds Orchestra | GÉANT Arts and Culture | GÉANT Project Home | DANTE Home | European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) | Large Hadron Collider

[Allegro]

Stories from the grid

‘Stories from the Grid’ is a series of short films which explore how researchers from different scientific disciplines are using cutting edge grid computing technology to advance their work.

Episode 1: The cone snail and the search for powerful new anaesthetics


A short film about how a component of the venom used by the marine cone snail to hunt for food can help to create new painkillers. Researchers are using grid computing to digitally modify molecules found in the venom. The grid allows them to run a lot of trial and error tests extremely quickly to look for the right molecular shape that will be the perfect fit for the pain receptors in humans.

Episode 2: Reviving the lost sounds of the epigonion


The epigonion was the guitar of Ancient Greece but since none survived the passing of time, it hadn’t been heard for centuries. Until now.

Using a technique called physical modelling, Domenico Vincinanza recreated the sound of the instrument’s 48 strings as digital files. With the help of grid computing resources from the European Grid Infrastructure, it took him just a few hours. In a single core computer he would need a month. The epigonion’s sounds can now be downloaded and played by any musician using a simple keyboard.

Episode 3: Hunting for the top quark in the Large Hadron Collider


Marcel Vreeswijk and Hurng-Chun Lee from NIKHEF (the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics) are studying a particle called the top quark created by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – the world’s largest scientific instrument.

Particle physicists use the LHC to study variations from the Standard Model and potentially discover new laws of physics, governing everything from dark matter to extra dimensions. The particle known as the top quark is a window into this weird and wonderful world.

In this short film, Marcel and Hurng-Chun describe their study and explain how customised grid computing workflows are key to filtering and sieving massive sets of data down to a manageable size. Without these tools, it would be impossible to pick out the key results that could hold the clues to top quark behaviour.

Episode 4: Main Belt Comets


In this new video we travel to Serbia, where Bojan Novakovic explains how grid computing helps astronomers to explain the origins of main belt comets. Main belt comets are asteroids with a comet-like tail of water vapor and dust, orbiting the Sun within the Main Asteroid Belt. Could the water on Earth come from main belt comets? And where do they come from? The video explores possible answers to these questions and hear Bojan’s account of how grid computing contributed to the solution. Bojan’s research also features on Are comets born in asteroid collisions?, an EGI case study.

Share online

Stories from the grid © Eens van de Jongens, Creative Commons license CC By-NC-ND 3.0 for online distribution only. You may embed and share episodes of Stores from the grid on your own website without seeking prior permission from the copyright holder. The following attribution must be included with the video in the HTML code:


Code: Select all

<p><a href="http://go.egi.eu/storiesfromthegrid">Stories from the grid</a> &copy; Eens van de Jongens, Creative Commons license <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0">CC By-NC-ND 3.0</a> for online distribution only.</p>

You must seek prior permission from the copyright holder (e-mail: <jongens@eenvandejongens.nl>) for any other forms of distribution or reuse.

EGI and e-infrastructures in Europe


The European Grid Infrastructure enables access to computing resources for European researchers from all fields of science, from high energy physics to humanities. This video provides an introduction to EGI and explains its context.

[Allegro]

Highlights mine. Links in original.

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How the Large Hadron Collider Might Change the Web

The LHC Computing Grid may teach the Internet how to quietly handle reams of information
Scientific American, Mark Anderson | Thursday, September 4, 2008

When the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) begins smashing protons together this fall inside its 17-mile- (27-kilometer-) circumference underground particle racetrack near Geneva, Switzerland, it will usher in a new era not only of physics but also of computing.

Before the year is out, the LHC is projected to begin pumping out a tsunami of raw data equivalent to one DVD (five gigabytes) every five seconds. Its annual output of 15 petabytes (15 million gigabytes) will soon dwarf that of any other scientific experiment in history.

The challenge is making that data accessible to a scientist anywhere in the world at the execution of a few commands on her laptop. The solution is a global computer network called the LHC Computing Grid, and with any luck, it may be giving us a glimpse of the Internet of the future.

Once the LHC reaches full capacity sometime next year, it will be churning out snapshots of particle collisions by the hundreds every second, captured in four subterranean detectors standing from one and a half to eight stories tall.* It is the grid’s job to find the extremely rare events—a bit of missing energy here, a pattern of particles there—that could solve lingering mysteries such as the origin of mass or the nature of dark matter.

A generation earlier, research fellow Tim Berners-Lee of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) set out to create a global “pool of information” to meet a similar challenge. Then, as now, hundreds of collaborators across the planet were all trying to stay on top of rapidly evolving data from CERN experiments. Berners-Lee’s solution became the World Wide Web.

But the fire hose of data that is the LHC requires special treatment. “If I look at the LHC and what it’s doing for the future,” said David Bader, executive director of high performance computing at the Georgia Institute of Technology, “the one thing that the Web hasn’t been able to do is manage a phenomenal wealth of data.” Bandwidth alone is a major bottleneck. Bader said that for researchers running supercomputer simulations, it’s cheaper to write the data to terabyte hard drives and ship them from one supercomputer center to another via FedEx than it is to transfer the gigantic data sets over the net.

The LHC Computing Grid handles data in stages, referred to as tiers. “Tier 0,” located at CERN, is a massively parallel computer network composed of 100,000 of today’s fastest CPUs that stores and manages the raw data (1s and 0s) from the experiments. It ships portions of data over dedicated 10-gigabit-per-second fiber-optic lines to 11 “Tier 1” sites across North America, Asia and Europe. Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, N.Y., for example, receives data from the ALICE experiment, which collides lead ions.

From those sites the data is parceled out for easier access among 140 Tier 2 computer networks based at universities, government labs and even private companies around the globe. Tier 2 is where scientists will actually access data and perform the kinds of hands-on numerical analysis needed to translate the raw 1s and 0s into energies and trajectories of particles.

The crucial element that will make the data accessible, said project leader Ian Bird of CERN’s information technology (IT) department in Geneva, is a type of software known as “middleware”. The information a user wants may be spread among petabytes of data on different servers and stored in different formats. An open-source middleware platform called Globus is designed to gather that information seamlessly as though it’s sitting in a folder on one’s own desktop PC.

The trial by fire that LHC programmers will be putting Globus through—and the modifications that emerge as a result—may be the first practical outgrowth of the LHC grid. If project scientists can tame massive, worldwide fields of networked data and computing cycles in particle physics, their solutions could well apply across the Internet—in much the same way that Berners-Lee’s specialized HTML invention morphed into the very backbone of modern technological society.

Bader imagines future middleware allowing home computers to provide instant weather forecasts by accessing information from nearby environmental sensors. Or it might help sift through a life’s accumulation of personal medical records or years of home video footage looking for dimly remembered events.

Ironically, CERN’s next great contribution to the Internet could be all but transparent to the end user. In a perfect world, Globus or its successors would simply make everything on a given grid straightforwardly and transparently accessible from any computer. “If Globus is a success,” Bader said, “then you won’t hear about it.”

*Correction (9/3/08): This article originally stated that the LHC will produce millions of snapshots of particle collisions; “millions” refers to the number of collisions, only a fraction of which will be recorded.

[Allegro]

Sixty Symbols: The Arrow of Time | Sean Carroll
Preposterous Universe | May 20, 2013

Completing an action-packed trilogy that began with quantum mechanics and picked up speed with the Higgs boson, here I am talking with Brady Haran of Sixty Symbols about the arrow of time. If you’d like something more in-depth, I can recommend a good book.



Will there be more? You never know! The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy started out as a trilogy, and look what happened to that. (But I promise no prequels.)