I am working on a piece, sparked by one more frustrating conversation with academically-oriented conspiracy-debunker & the growing realization that so much of the disagreement seems to come down to unconscious straw-man assumptions about what we are even talking about.
I decided to try and organize a "conspiracy spectrum" showing how the words "conspiracy theory" can be used indiscriminately to refer to everything from proven historical facts to the wildest Ickian speculations.
So here's a starting list which I'd much appreciate any additions to:
Conspiracy Fact (acknowledged conspiracies in history):
44 BCE - Liberatores plot assassination of Julius Caesar to restore Roman Republic
1605 - Gunpowder Plot to blow up the House of Lords
1865 - Abraham Lincoln assassination plot, to include assassination of cabinet members
1939 - Operation Himmler and its Gleiwitz incident, “False Flag” terrorism by Nazi Germany as pretext for invasion of Poland
Small-pox blankets for Native Americans
The Gulf of Tonkin incident
Watergate
Iran-Contra
Jimmy Savile cover-up
Gladio (NATO's secret "left behind armies" in Europe post-WWII)
MK-ULTRA
Operation Mockingbird
Bilderberg meetings
Psy-ops foreign & domestic
Conspiracies more or less proven but not yet rubber-stamped by orthodoxy:
JFK assassination & cover-up
WW2 deals
CIA involvement in Jonestown
Marilyn Monroe’s murder
Princess Diana’s murder
9/11 cover-up
Weather control
Organized ritual abuse in daycare centers & elsewhere
“Manchurian Candidate” programmed killers (Sirhan Sirhan, Hinckley, Chapman)
AIDS and other bio-warfare
Too much evidence to dismiss without investigation
Faked Moon landing footage
Chem trails
Illuminati
Jack the Ripper Masonic conspiracy
Lies around “the Holocaust”
Government involvement in a UFO “cover up”
Sandy Hook and other school shooting inconsistencies
Cultural Marxism
Fluoridation as mind control
Vaccination
GMO as bio-warfare
Global warming hoax
Secret space programs
Alien abductions
Sinister food additives
Underground military bases
Occult symbols in mass media
Project Bluebeam
Bohemian Grove
Gang Stalking
Remote Viewing
Suppressed Cancer Cures
Loony tunes?
Icke’s Reptilian shapeshifters
Flat-earth theories
No-plane theory for 9-11
Miles Matthis
Vaccination causes autism
Now for a bit more context.
“We might wonder, for example, whether the activities of intelligence agencies involved in spying and carrying out covert missions count as conspiracies by this definition. They are by their very nature plotted in secret, and they are indeed intended to alter the shape of history, but we might wonder if the everyday machinations of, say, CIA agents constitute a conspiracy because they are merely doing their job. Only in some cases is it immediately obvious that their actions are illegal or improper, and hence a conspiracy rather than merely being a covert operation. The problem with making illegality or impropriety part of the definition of a conspiracy is that it depends who is defining what’s illegal or not.”
—Peter Knight, Conspiracy Theories in American History
Point being: Espionage as a practice, methodology, and central component of statecraft throughout history, is so wholly dependent on conspiracy as to be almost synonymous with it. Men in rooms (and women, yes), plotting to bring about specific ends via the manipulation of mass media, military and police action, government policies, legal sanctions, assassinations, technology, commerce, and so forth, all done in secret on a “need-to-know” basis, ensuring only the strictly necessary communication between levels and tiers of power hierarchies and that almost no one has more than one or two pieces of the puzzle and everyone has plausible denial—even to themselves.
Lastly, psyops. Hmm. Seems I don't have my notes on this right now (at my place of work), so I will post them a bit later on.
What I'm looking at, partly, is how there seems to be a mindset shared by both “conspiracy theorists” and conspiracy debunkers or skeptics.
Peter Knight again:
there have indeed been actual conspiracies here or there in U.S. history, but ... a conspiracy theorist believes that there is “a ‘vast’ or ‘gigantic’ conspiracy as the motive force in historical events” (Hofstadter, 29). According to this kind of view, conspiracy theory is more than just the odd speculation about clandestine causes; it is a way of looking at the world and historical events that sees conspiracies as the motor of history.
Knight writes that: “one of the important functions of conspiracy theory today, namely questioning how much we are in control of our own minds and our own actions through the debate over exactly what is to count as a conspiracy or not.”
This points to the idea that an anti-conspiracy position is really a philosophical position rather than a historical or factual one. Many people tend to reject the idea of long-term, organized conspiracies, not on a case-by-case basis but on principle. And in the same way, many people who do advocate for a “grand conspiracy” fall into the exact same trap, that of extrapolating prematurely from the evidence of long-term social engineering strategies and policies the existence of a single, cohesive group and agenda behind them (the Illuminati, the Masons, the Jews, etc.). In both cases—whether the philosophical position is to believe or to debunk—a perceived order, direction, and design is literalized, in much the same way that religious people literalize the evidence of a divine order into hierarchies of angels, gods, and demons.